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	<title>正通投資團隊 - 投資台股的專家 &#187; 好公司</title>
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	<description>以巴菲特的價值投資法為主軸，並透過財務金融的專業知識進行套利加值，守護您的寶貴資產</description>
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		<title>關於巴菲特 (一)</title>
		<link>http://www.twd2u.com/141-40-55.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.twd2u.com/141-40-55.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2008 19:40:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>austin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[關於巴菲特]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Berkshire]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Buffett]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[好公司]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[巴菲特]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[投資報酬率]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[波克夏]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[複利]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[財富管家]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[超額報酬]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[下表是1965年～2007年波克夏(Berkshire Hathaway)公司的淨值成長率 VS. S&#38;P 500指數報酬率，其中波克夏的淨值成長率是稅後數字，S&#38;P 500指數報酬率則是稅前數字。
乍看之下或許並不令人訝異，但... ]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>下表是1965年～2007年波克夏(Berkshire Hathaway)公司的淨值成長率 VS. S&amp;P 500指數報酬率，其中波克夏的淨值成長率是稅後數字，S&amp;P 500指數報酬率則是稅前數字。</p>
<p>乍看之下或許並不令人訝異，但是如果我們將這些數據整理彙總後，相信你會大吃一驚。</p>
<p><span id="more-141"></span></p>
<table style="width: 449pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" width="599">
<colgroup span="1">
<col style="width: 51pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2176;" span="1" width="68"></col>
<col style="width: 54pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2304;" span="1" width="72"></col>
<col style="width: 60pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2560;" span="1" width="80"></col>
<col style="width: 54pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2304;" span="1" width="72"></col>
<col style="width: 8pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 352;" span="1" width="11"></col>
<col style="width: 55pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2336;" span="1" width="73"></col>
<col style="width: 54pt;" span="1" width="72"></col>
<col style="width: 59pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2528;" span="1" width="79"></col>
<col style="width: 54pt;" span="1" width="72"></col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl65" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; width: 51pt; border-bottom: black 0.5pt solid; height: 56.85pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" rowspan="3" width="68" height="75"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">年份</span></td>
<td class="xl72" style="border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; width: 54pt; border-bottom: #ece9d8; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" width="72"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">波克夏每</span></td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; width: 60pt; border-bottom: #ece9d8; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" width="80"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">S&amp;P 500</span></td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; width: 54pt; border-bottom: black 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" rowspan="3" width="72"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">超額報酬</span>(%)</td>
<td style="width: 8pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;" width="11"> </td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; width: 55pt; border-bottom: black 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" rowspan="3" width="73"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">年份</span></td>
<td class="xl70" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; width: 54pt; border-bottom: #ece9d8; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" width="72"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">波克夏每</span></td>
<td class="xl65" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; width: 59pt; border-bottom: #ece9d8; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" width="79"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">S&amp;P 500</span></td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; width: 54pt; border-bottom: black 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" rowspan="3" width="72"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">超額報酬</span>(%)</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="24">
<td class="xl73" style="border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: #ece9d8; height: 18pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="24"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">股淨值成</span></td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: #ece9d8; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">指數</span></td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: #ece9d8; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">股淨值成</span></td>
<td class="xl71" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: #ece9d8; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">指數</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.75pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="25">
<td class="xl74" style="border-right: #ece9d8; border-top: #ece9d8; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 18.75pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="25"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">長率(%)</span></td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">報酬率(%)</span></td>
<td style="background-color: transparent; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">長率(%)</span></td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: #ece9d8; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">報酬率(%)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1965</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">23.8 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">10.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">13.8 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1987</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">19.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">5.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">14.4 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1966</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">20.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-11.7 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">32.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1988</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">20.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">16.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">3.5 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1967</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">11.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">30.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-19.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1989</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">44.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">31.7 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">12.7 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1968</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">19.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">11.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">8.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1990</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">7.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-3.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">10.5 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1969</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">16.2 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-8.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">24.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1991</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">39.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">30.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">9.1 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1970</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">12.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">3.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">8.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1992</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">20.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">7.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">12.7 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1971</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">16.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">14.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1.8 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1993</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">14.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">10.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">4.2 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1972</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">21.7 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">18.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2.8 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1994</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">13.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">12.6 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1973</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">4.7 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-14.8 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">19.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1995</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">43.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">37.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">5.5 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1974</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">5.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-26.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">31.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1996</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">31.8 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">23.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">8.8 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1975</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">21.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">37.2 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-15.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1997</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">34.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">33.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">0.7 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1976</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">59.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">23.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">35.7 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1998</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">48.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">28.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">19.7 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1977</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">31.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-7.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">39.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1999</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">0.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">21.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-20.5 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1978</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">24.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">6.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">17.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2000</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">6.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-9.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">15.6 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1979</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">35.7 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">18.2 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">17.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2001</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-6.2 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-11.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">5.7 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1980</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">19.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">32.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-13.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2002</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">10.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-22.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">32.1 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1981</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">31.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-5.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">36.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2003</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">21.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">28.7 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-7.7 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1982</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">40.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">21.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">18.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2004</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">10.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">10.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; color: #ff0000; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ignore: color;">-0.4 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1983</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">32.3 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">22.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">9.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2005</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">6.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">4.9 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1.5 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1984</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">13.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">6.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">7.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2006</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">18.4 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">15.8 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2.6 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1985</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">48.2 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">31.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">16.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">2007</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">11.0 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">5.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">5.5 </span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl75" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1986</span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">26.1 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">18.6 </span></td>
<td class="xl76" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">7.5 </span></td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
<td class="xl64" style="background-color: transparent; border: #ece9d8;"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>下表是年化複利報酬率與累積報酬率的彙整：</p>
<p>(註:超額報酬是波克夏的年化複利報酬率 &#8211; S&amp;P 500指數年化複利報酬率)</p>
<table style="width: 395pt; border-collapse: collapse;" border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="0" width="527">
<colgroup span="1">
<col style="width: 51pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2176;" span="1" width="68"></col>
<col style="width: 54pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2304;" span="1" width="72"></col>
<col style="width: 60pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2560;" span="1" width="80"></col>
<col style="width: 54pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2304;" span="1" width="72"></col>
<col style="width: 8pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 352;" span="1" width="11"></col>
<col style="width: 55pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2336;" span="1" width="73"></col>
<col style="width: 54pt;" span="1" width="72"></col>
<col style="width: 59pt; mso-width-source: userset; mso-width-alt: 2528;" span="1" width="79"></col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl66" style="width: 219pt; height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; border: windowtext 0.5pt solid;" colspan="4" width="292" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">　</span></td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; width: 63pt; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" colspan="2" width="84"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">波克夏</span></td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; width: 54pt; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" width="72"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">S&amp;P 500</span></td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; width: 59pt; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" width="79"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">超額報酬</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl66" style="height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; border: windowtext 0.5pt solid;" colspan="4" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1965～2007的年化複利報酬率</span></td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">21.1%</span></td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">10.3%</span></td>
<td class="xl67" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">10.8%</span></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.1pt; mso-height-source: userset;" height="26">
<td class="xl66" style="height: 20.1pt; background-color: transparent; border: windowtext 0.5pt solid;" colspan="4" height="26"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">1964～2007的累積報酬率</span></td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">400863%</span></td>
<td class="xl68" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">6840%</span></td>
<td class="xl66" style="border-right: windowtext 0.5pt solid; border-top: windowtext; border-left: windowtext; border-bottom: windowtext 0.5pt solid; background-color: transparent;"><span style="font-size: small; font-family: 新細明體;">　</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>從過去的43年以來，若從淨值成長率來看波克夏，該公司的平均年化複利報酬率是21.1％，單看21.1%這個數字或許沒有很驚人，但是請注意，這43年以來，每年都是如此的話，就很驚人了，因為這代表的是&#8230;.如果你在1965年投資波克夏公司一萬元新台幣(TWD)，到了2007年底之際，你將擁有超過3760萬的財富，如果你是1964年波克夏的原始投資人，那麼現在已經擁有4008萬的財富了。</p>
<p>單從這二張表我們可以做出以下幾點結論：</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #800000;">橫財 VS. 恆財：</span></strong>投資股票、基金要獲得20%以上的投資報酬率並不困難，甚至在景氣大好的年代時，30%以上的投資報酬率也並非難事，如果投資的商品是衍生性金融商品，例如權證、選擇權、期貨&#8230;.等，倍數以上的投資報酬率更常見！但是&#8230;有哪位投資人能長期都賺取這種<span style="color: #008000;">橫財</span>呢？世界上沒有任何一個投資人能做到長期維持高報酬率，而且世界上只有一個人，能在43年這麼長的時間中，維持年化複利報酬率21.1%的成績，那個人就是華倫 巴菲特(Warren E. Buffett)，他不賺<span style="color: #008000;">橫財</span>，他只賺<span style="color: #ff0000;">恆財</span>。</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #800000;">複利的效果：</span></strong>波克夏平均年化複利報酬率21.1%看似不驚人，但是(1+21.1%)的43次方，其值是3760，它所代表的是&#8230;每年維持21.1%的投資報酬率，經過43年後會使得財富翻上3760倍。我們舉個簡單的例子來說明複利的威力！假設你現在30歲，每年只要投資10萬元，而年投資報酬率都維持在21.1%，那麼經過20年後，你所累積的財富將達到2584萬元。這筆財富可以讓你在50歲就提前退休，除了退休後維持一般生活開銷外，還可以支付一對兒女大學、研究所的相關費用，並且讓你每年都可以跟另一半出國旅遊。</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #800000;">做對一件事：</span></strong>投資其實可以很簡單，只要你做對一件事。如果一家好公司能維持43年平均報酬率達到21.1%，你投資這家公司<span style="color: #000080;"><strong>10萬元</strong></span>後，不需要再投入任何資金，43年後你將擁有<span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>3億7千6百萬元</strong></span>，這足以讓你成為億萬富翁！當然，講起來是很容易，但是做起來卻是非常困難，因為好公司難找之外，未來要保持43年良好績效的公司更難找。選擇投資標的既然很困難，換個角度來思考的話&#8230;.選對人是不是簡單些？各位可以幻想一下，43年前如果你選擇巴菲特幫你管理財富，現如今是否可以愜意享受生活？2007年美國五百大富豪中，就有幾位名不見經傳的富豪，他們畢生在投資上只做對一件事，那就是選擇巴菲特幫他們找尋好公司！(正通投資團對最大的目標，就是希望客戶在多年以後，能夠因為他們當初選對了財富管家而驕傲！)</p>
<p>巴菲特之所以被尊稱為股神 (20世紀最偉大的投資人)，就在於他能夠長時間維持穩定的報酬率。看完了這些，後續我們將逐一介紹<strong>巴菲特的生平</strong>、<strong>巴菲特的投資法則(巴菲特投資原則)</strong>、歷年來巴菲特與波克夏的重大事蹟及<strong>巴菲特名言</strong>，請繼續閱讀本次的系列文章。</p>
<h3  class="related_post_title">相關文章</h3><ul class="related_post"><li><a href="http://www.twd2u.com/125-06-02.html" title="投資的第二堂課-認識報酬率">投資的第二堂課-認識報酬率</a></li><li><a href="http://www.twd2u.com/235-38-04.html" title="巴菲特說：Buy American. I Am.">巴菲特說：Buy American. I Am.</a></li><li><a href="http://www.twd2u.com/121-20-34.html" title="2007年巴菲特致股東的信(Warren Buffett&#8217;s Letters To Berkshire Shareholders)">2007年巴菲特致股東的信(Warren Buffett&#8217;s Letters To Berkshire Shareholders)</a></li><li><a href="http://www.twd2u.com/538-58-52.html" title="股神巴菲特這次將晚節不保？">股神巴菲特這次將晚節不保？</a></li><li><a href="http://www.twd2u.com/153-23-39.html" title="關於巴菲特 (五)">關於巴菲特 (五)</a></li><li><a href="http://www.twd2u.com/147-14-40.html" title="關於巴菲特 (三)">關於巴菲特 (三)</a></li><li><a href="http://www.twd2u.com/164-55-46.html" title="空頭市場進入最後階段(Bear market enters last phase)">空頭市場進入最後階段(Bear market enters last phase)</a></li></ul>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>價值投資法的介紹 (一)</title>
		<link>http://www.twd2u.com/73-56-59.html</link>
		<comments>http://www.twd2u.com/73-56-59.html#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2008 04:56:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>austin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[價值投資法]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ROE]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ROIC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[內涵價值]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[好價格]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[好公司]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[巴菲特]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[投入資本報酬率]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[股東權益報酬率]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[葛拉漢]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.twd2u.com/?p=73</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[市面上有許多選股程式或關於如何選股的書籍或文章，讓人看得眼花撩亂無從取捨，若你真去仔細瞭解就會發現&#8230;.不是內容東抄西湊(國人最擅長模仿)，就是談的不夠深入，資料與數據不夠... ]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>市面上有許多選股程式或關於如何選股的書籍或文章，讓人看得眼花撩亂無從取捨，若你真去仔細瞭解就會發現&#8230;.不是內容東抄西湊(國人最擅長模仿)，就是談的不夠深入，資料與數據不夠充分，無法驗證其真實可行性。講的更白話一點就是&#8230;..真正能賺錢的選股秘訣，不可能公開銷售給一般大眾。法國有一套期貨與選擇權的程式交易套利系統，賣給台灣某券商，價格高達25億元，而且是對方派人專程來台安裝，並提供所有程式上的售後服務，買家只有執行程式交易的權力，花了25億元連程式內容都無從得知。</p>
<p><span id="more-73"></span></p>
<p>以台灣而言，目前市面上的選股程式，多數屬於技術分析的範疇，姑且不論技術分析的盲點，單就銷售層面而言，對方都沒有提供該程式統計上的數據，反而只針對選股後的獲利績效來強調，這是不make sense的。真正技術分析的程式交易，都必須回溯歷史資料2～5年以上，透過統計檢定來確認這個程式在過去可行，然後再驗證未來1～2年，證明這個程式在未來也有效，這個程式才能派上用場。國外有部分避險基金也是採用這種模式，而且隨時要檢驗』未來可行性』，亦即一旦發現程式在一段時間後沒有績效出現，就需馬上停止，並修改程式內容。</p>
<p>在基本分析的部分，如果投資人有足夠的財務知識看懂公司財務報表，其實選股沒那麼複雜。回歸到<strong>價值投資</strong>(Value Investment)的基本原則：以<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">遠低於價值的價格買進好公司，並且長期持有它</span></strong>。這句話看似普通，但其實是價值投資法的精髓，如果我們仔細體會其中意思並予以解讀，可以發現它包含了五個重要的觀念在裡面：</p>
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>第一個是「價值」的觀念</strong></span>。雖然世上各種事物的價值頗為主觀，常因人而異，但大多數物品的價值基本上仍有一定的評價基礎可循，而非神來一筆(可參閱 <a href="http://www.twd2u.com/59-47-11.html" target="_blank">個股合理價值(內涵價值)的衡量方法(一)</a> )。尤其是一家企業的價值評價基本上有一套已為大多數人接受的方法：其價值等於企業生命期間所有現金流量折現值的總合(也就是債券折現換算成Present Value的道理)。</p>
<p>至於實際上要如何估算，則屬於每位投資人的能力範圍，如果投資人無法合理地估計一家公司的約略價值，基本上他就不應該購買該公司的股票，或不適合自行做投資決策。</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #800000;">第二個重要觀念是「價格」。</span></strong>每個人都知道價格，柴米油鹽、汽油、早點、麥當勞、星巴克、超商的便當等每天都提醒我們』價格』這件事。日常用品大概值多少錢大家都很清楚，在生活中你每次購買前，心裡都會盤算值不值得買，你所盤算的就是價格與價值，更簡單的說，你盤算的是值不值得。</p>
<p>也正由於價格是如此生活化，以致於我們對價格和價值的區分鈍化了，而且下意識地把它延伸到股票的買賣，種下虧損的主要根源。舉例來說，你買一部車會深思熟慮，比較過性能、安全性、廠牌&#8230;.等因素，花了數天甚至數個月的時間，最後才做出決定，但是買賣股票呢？同樣都是金額龐大的交易，你可能只用了幾分鐘就做出決定了。</p>
<p>市場先生(Mr. Market)是Benjamin Graham(葛拉漢)在智慧型投資人(The Intelligent Investor)這本書中提出的譬喻，第一次生動地解釋了股票市場的價格行為。群眾心理因素可能會使股票價格大幅背離其合理的價值，因此投資人如何看待價格的波動就非常重要。</p>
<p>巴菲特不斷強調，如在一定智商以上，EQ就是關鍵因素，也就是說大多數情況下性情(Temperament)決定了投資的成敗。其實無論是技術分析或基本分析，當你學到一定程度後，高手間在比較的不再是功力的高低，而是投資的心法，巴菲特那段話中，智商指的就是分析能力的高低，EQ就是指投資心法了！精進自己是對的，但是在同一個泥淖中打轉就錯了，虧損&#8230;經常是導因於自己的EQ不足！又或是將自己的風險提高到無法承受的地步(大幅度使用融資、期貨槓桿、選擇權與權證的操作等)，此時的你根本無法面對市場的風吹草動，甚至一個五百點的漲跌勢，就讓你離開市場了。</p>
<p><span style="color: #800000;"><strong>第三個觀念是「遠低於價值的價格」</strong></span>，重點在於「遠低於」。除了要能評估公司價值與用正確心態看待價格的波動外，還要能用「遠低於」價值的價格買進。俗話說，好花不常開，好事不常來，遠低於價值的價格絕對是好事，然而這種好事很難碰到，運氣好的話一年一二次，運氣不好的話則是二三年才一次。</p>
<p>大部分的情況是，碰到自認的好股票股價拉回，我們就會情不自禁地想買進，以彌補上回錯失的悔恨。結果呢，買進後股價卻繼續下跌，這種情況發生的機率還不小。因為價值的估計本來就是一種概略值，加上主觀判斷及不可測因素，萬一後來證明原先預測錯誤，用「遠低於」價值的價格買進就可以提供一個緩衝區，多一層保障，這也就是<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">安全邊際(Margin of Safety)</span></strong>的概念。</p>
<p>舉例來說，假設你估計A股的價值是每股100元，現在每股的價格是120元，划算嗎？當然不划算，因為價格高於價值，若是價格跌到100元呢？這還不是一個適當的買進機會！因為價格沒有<strong>遠低於</strong>價值。多少才算遠低於？至少要有20％的安全邊際，也就是80元的價格，與價值的差距是20元，就產生了20元的安全邊際，若安全邊際能擴大到40元呢？這就是好事了。</p>
<p>好事不會經常發生，所以交易也不會經常進行。在澳洲的森林中有一種蟒蛇，牠的獵食方式很簡單，尋找動物平常的活動路徑，然後在路徑旁等待，在等待的期間，牠會降低體內新陳代謝的速度，使得熱量消耗達到極小化，因為等待的時間短則數天，長則數個月以上，所以牠必須這麼做才能活命。最後&#8230;.有一隻老鼠經過了，牠張口注入毒素，並將獵物吞下肚，這隻老鼠讓牠等了一個月，換得的報酬是&#8230;.可以繼續再等待半年的獵食時間。</p>
<p><strong><span style="color: #800000;">第四個觀念是「好公司」</span></strong>。何謂好公司？簡單地說就是持續賺錢的公司，<strong><span style="color: #800000;">「持續」</span></strong>是關鍵。偶爾一二年大賺但其他年度平平甚至虧損、或以前很會賺錢但現在走下坡的，都不是我們所謂的好公司，有美好未來憧憬的新上市公司(IPO)更不是。會不會賺錢的關鍵指標就是投入資本報酬率(ROIC, Return On Invested Capital)或股東權益報酬率(ROE, Return On Equity)，但解讀這兩個數字時必須很小心，因為分子部分的R(Return)很容易做假或被操弄，也因此巴菲特強調，選擇公司時，經營階層的誠信是非常重要的考慮因素。</p>
<p>ROIC(ROIC, Return On Invested Capital)的算法有幾種不同的方式，下面所寫的前二種較為簡單，第三種比較複雜的。 </p>
<p><strong>第一種ROIC的算法是&#8230;  ROIC＝EBIT ÷ (普通股權益+特別股權益+長期負債)</strong></p>
<p>其中的EBIT是息前稅前淨利，也就是稅後淨利+利息費用+稅額</p>
<p><strong>第二種ROIC的算法是&#8230;  ROIC＝稅後淨利 ÷ (股東權益+長期負債)<br />
</strong></p>
<p><strong>第三種ROIC的算法是&#8230;  ROIC＝NOPLAT ÷ 投入資本＝(息前稅前盈餘 – 息前稅前盈餘稅額 + 遞延稅負變動數) ÷ (淨營運資金 + 固定資產淨額 + 其他資產淨額)</strong><br />
至於股東權益報酬率(ROE)，又稱為淨值報酬率，代表在某一段時間內(通常為一年)，公司利用股東權益為股東所創造的利潤，通常以百分比表示，其公式是</p>
<p><strong>股東權益報酬率(ROE) = [稅後淨利÷加權平均股東權益 ] x 100</strong></p>
<p> <br />
<strong><span style="color: #800000;">第五個觀念是「長期投資的心態」</span></strong>。注意，此處並未提到「股票」兩個字，因為股票容易使人產生錯誤的心態，認為它只不過是用來交易的幾張紙而已。不管你是買下整家公司或只是少部分的股權&#8212;也就是股票，都要以公司擁有者的心態來做評估，如此一來，投資人就會<strong>審慎</strong>從事投資決策，不會受到市場氛圍所左右，而會把重點放在公司價值而非它的股票價格。</p>
<p>一個很有趣的現象是&#8230;.一般人在買名牌手錶、珠寶、汽車或房子時，都會再三比價，甚至多次向賣方殺價，但是在買股票時，往往考慮的時間只有幾分鐘，然後就做出決定了。不知道各位是否有這樣的經驗！</p>
<p>用另一個角度來思考』長期投資的心態』的話，你買進股票的目的不是短期要賺取價差，而是想要分享公司經營的成果，例如今年公司的獲利是每股3元，你要分享的是這每股3元的獲利，而不是想要賺取幾天的價差利潤。</p>
<p>因此，綜合上面的五大重要觀念，可以濃縮成選股兩大核心原則：<strong><span style="color: #ff0000;">好公司與好價格</span></strong>。也就是「用便宜的價格買進好公司的股票」，但好公司要比便宜的價格被優先考量。巴菲特強調，在他了解一家公司之前他不會去看他的股價，這與大部分投資人的做法正好相反。</p>
<p>何謂好公司呢？前面提過，好公司就是能夠持續產生高投入資本報酬率(ROIC)的公司，關鍵是「持續」。曇花一現不算，昨日黃花也不算，未來憧憬也不算，必須是有過去的績效證明，並且有強且可持續的競爭優勢以確保未來的獲利能力。</p>
<p>什麼是好價格呢？就是遠低於內涵價值的價格。因此大前提是投資人要能對公司未來的獲利做出合理的預測以便估算出公司的約略內涵價值。如果一家公司的未來充滿不確定因素，使投資人無法合理地估計其未來十年的獲利，那麼不管過去或目前的投入資本報酬率有多好，競爭優勢有多強，也不是好的投資標的。</p>
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